afl: Fix afl-qemu build by applying new patches

These patches are gathered from different sources,
such as https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/10862231/ for the
`gettid` patch.
Another patch comes from the issue in the AFL repository.
The ultimate goal is to get these patches upstream as well,
so we don't keep these general patches only within nixos.

A PR is created against Google/AFL
https://github.com/google/AFL/pull/79,
but it might take a while before it's landed, considering the history
of the project (there are more PRs open).

ZHF: #80379

Fixes issue #82232