tamarin-prover: fix ghc 8.4 build (#46597)

See https://hydra.nixos.org/build/81125645

`tamarin-prover' upstream has a patch to fix GHC 8.4 compilation (and
uses stack lts-12.1 now), but it's not released yet:

https://github.com/tamarin-prover/tamarin-prover/commit/a08f6e400772899b9b0fc16befc50391cd70696b

The build is divided in several derivations, therefore the patch had to
be splitted and rebased for `lib/term', `lib/theory' and `lib/utils' to
ensure that the patch applies properly during the `patchPhase'.

Addresses #45960